Alterations of the maxillary bones

Cysts

They are epithelium-lined cavities that contain a liquid or semi-solid material inside. Cysts are benign character, although in a tiny percentage they can become malignant.

The locations The most common cysts are the mandible and the upper jaw, specifically, on the central incisors or blades. It is a small ball in the jaw bone that can be of two types in 90% of cases:

Periapical or radicular cyst

They are the most frequent entities. The epithelium comes from the epithelial remains of Malassez or remains of the odontogenesis process. The transformation of these epithelial cells in cysts it can occur by:

• Cavities with the consequent necrosis of the pulp tissue inside the tooth. Therefore, it is important.
• In front of a persistent inflammatory stimulus and not intense the result of the defensive reaction of our organism is the formation of a granuloma.
• The proliferation of epithelial cells it is done in an irregular and progressive way. Resulting in that the cells located inside become necrotic, forming a cavity filled with fluid.

Tooth or rash cyst

I know generated in the process of eruption and tooth formation. What happens is that a fluid accumulation is produced between the crown and the epithelium of the enamel organ that makes up the follicle or bag where the tooth is found and progresses towards the gum. The cyst is associated with delayed tooth eruption or retained teeth and most commonly affects the lower wisdom teeth and the upper canines.

Trauma

Together with cysts, they are the most frequent alterations of the jaws. Generally, fractures of the upper jaw are usually associated with afectation of other facial and cranial bones. The Lefort classification is the most used to group these types of injuries.

This classification takes into account the fracture marks of the upper jaw and the existence of fracture in other bones, specifically the bones of the upper jaw. nose, frontal bone and other minor bones.

The trauma to the chin they are responsible for the majority of mandibular fractures. Mandibular condyle fractures, which is one of the constituent elements, are very common.

Bone inflammatory processes

They are the result of infections from cavities, gums and wounds deep on the jaws. Uncontrolled evolution can lead to bone infections, osteitis, and eventually osteomyelitis.

Special mention would have dry socket which is an osteitis that occurs after removal of a piece dental. The typical symptomatology is in the area of ​​the extraction that begins during the first 48 hours and usually lasts for five days, subsiding later.

Lumps

Masses in the jaws they are not frequent. Tumors can come from dental, bone, vascular and connective tissues (present in the gum). The jaws are also receptors for tumors originating in other organs, that is, the so-called metastasis.

Metabolic disturbances

The jaws, like any part of our body, are subject to constant changes. The bone metabolism focuses on the exchange of calcium-phosphorus and in the balance between bone resorption (osteolysis) and formation (osteoblastosis). This metabolism is very important to maintain healthy and vital bone.

• Pathologies such as, and osteoporosis could be included within the group of diseases that alter bone metabolism.
• Medications Like bisphosphonates (indicated in the treatment of osteoporosis), they can have an unwanted effect on maxillary bone metabolism, affecting its vitality.
• Other diseases such as osteopetrosis and osteogenesis imperfecta, both hereditary, act on bone formation, generating brittle bone.

Congenital alterations in the development of the jaws

Mild manifestations of jaw growth disorders are common, but severe ones are not. They may be congenital or acquired:

• Those acquired are usually secondary to infectious or traumatic processes. These growth alterations generate bone and dental malocclusions due to dental incongruity between both arches.
• We call retrognathia the aesthetic result of a undersized jaw, or what is equivalent, retracted chin. Prognathism refers to a exaggerated size of the jaw giving the image of a very pronounced chin.
• Laterognathia is an asymmetry with mandibular deviation and it can be secondary to craniofacial malformations, trauma, tumors, etc.
• Maxillary hypoplasia is the case of an underdeveloped maxilla in the anteroposterior direction (maxillary retrusion) or vertically. The most common cause is usually cleft lip-palate, the sequel of which is a maxillary bone growth defect.
• Maxillary hypertrophy is a exaggerated upper jaw development. Vertically, it causes the gummy smile.
• Fortunately, Pierre Robin Syndrome is very rare, and is characterized by severe congenital micrognathia and retrognathia, sporadic (not hereditary) that is associated with cleft palate and a large tongue (macroglossia). It is associated with respiratory problems due to upper airway obstruction.

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Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Dentistry