Dealing with Allergic Conjunctivitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

Allergic conjunctivitis is a common eye condition affecting millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the conjunctiva — the thin, transparent membrane covering the white part of the eye — becomes inflamed due to an allergic reaction. This condition can cause significant discomfort but is generally not serious. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options can help individuals manage the condition effectively and reduce its impact on daily life.

What Causes Allergic Conjunctivitis?

Allergic conjunctivitis is triggered by allergens, substances that provoke an immune system response in sensitive individuals. When an allergen comes into contact with the eyes, the immune system releases histamines and other chemicals, leading to inflammation and irritation. Some of the most common allergens include:

• Pollen: Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) is often caused by pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds. This type of allergic reaction is most common in spring and summer when pollen levels are high.
• Dust mites: These microscopic organisms thrive in bedding, upholstery, and carpets, triggering year-round allergic conjunctivitis in some individuals.
• Pet dander: Proteins found in the skin flakes, saliva, and urine of pets like cats and dogs can lead to allergic reactions.
• Mold spores: Mold grows in damp environments such as bathrooms, basements, and kitchens, producing airborne spores that can cause eye irritation.
• Smoke and pollution: Airborne irritants like cigarette smoke, car exhaust, and industrial pollutants can exacerbate allergic conjunctivitis.
• Cosmetics and contact lenses: Some individuals may develop allergic reactions to eye makeup, face creams, or even the cleaning solutions used for contact lenses.
• Certain medications: Some drugs, including antibiotics and eye drops containing preservatives, can trigger allergic reactions in susceptible individuals.

Allergic Conjunctivitis Symptoms

The symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis can range from mild to severe, depending on the individual’s sensitivity to allergens and the level of exposure. The most common symptoms include:

• Redness in the eyes: The inflammation caused by an allergic reaction leads to visible redness in the conjunctiva.
• Itching: One of the hallmark symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis is intense eye itching, often prompting individuals to rub their eyes excessively.
• Watery eyes: Increased tear production is a natural response to eye irritation, leading to excessive tearing.
• Swelling of the eyelids: The immune system response can cause puffiness and swelling around the eyes.
• Burning sensation: Many individuals with allergic conjunctivitis experience a mild burning or stinging sensation in their eyes.
• Sensitivity to light: Eyes may become more sensitive to bright light, causing discomfort in well-lit environments.
• Mucous discharge: Unlike bacterial conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis may cause a stringy, clear mucous discharge.

Unlike bacterial or viral conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious and does not typically produce thick eye discharge.

How Long Does Allergic Conjunctivitis Last?

The duration of allergic conjunctivitis depends on the underlying cause and whether the individual continues to be exposed to the allergen.

• Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) is linked to pollen and typically lasts for several weeks or months, depending on the length of the allergy season.
• Perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC) occurs year-round due to constant exposure to indoor allergens like dust mites and pet dander. Symptoms persist as long as the allergen is present.
• Acute allergic conjunctivitis occurs suddenly and may last from a few hours to a few days, often resolving quickly after allergen exposure ends.
• Chronic allergic conjunctivitis can last for months or even years if the underlying allergy is not managed properly.

How to Relieve Allergic Conjunctivitis at Home

Managing allergic conjunctivitis at home can help reduce discomfort and prevent flare-ups. Here are some practical home remedies and preventive measures:

• Avoid allergens: Identify and minimize exposure to triggers, such as pollen, dust, pet dander, and mold. Keeping windows closed during high pollen seasons and using air purifiers can help.
• Apply cold compresses: A cold compress can soothe irritated eyes and reduce swelling. Use a clean, damp cloth and gently press it against closed eyelids for relief.
• Use artificial tears: Over-the-counter lubricating eye drops can help flush allergens from the eyes and provide moisture.
• Practice good hygiene: Washing hands frequently and avoiding touching or rubbing the eyes can prevent further irritation.
• Wear sunglasses: When outdoors, sunglasses can protect the eyes from pollen and other airborne allergens.
• Change bedding frequently: Washing pillowcases, sheets, and blankets regularly in hot water can help reduce exposure to dust mites and pet dander.
• Limit contact lens use: Switching to daily disposable lenses or avoiding contact lenses during allergy season can help reduce irritation.

Treatment with Acular LS

For individuals experiencing moderate to severe allergic conjunctivitis, medical treatment may be necessary. One commonly prescribed medication is Acular LS (ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution). This nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is used to relieve eye inflammation and discomfort associated with allergies.

How Acular LS Works

Acular LS inhibits the production of prostaglandins, chemical messengers involved in inflammation. By reducing inflammation, the medication helps alleviate redness, itching, and discomfort.

How to Use Acular LS

• Dosage: Typically, one drop is applied to the affected eye(s) four times daily, or as directed by a healthcare provider.
• Application: Wash hands before use, tilt the head back, pull down the lower eyelid, and apply the prescribed number of drops. Avoid touching the dropper tip to prevent contamination.
• Precautions: Do not use Acular LS while wearing contact lenses. Wait at least 15 minutes after application before reinserting contact lenses.
• Side Effects: Some users may experience mild burning or stinging upon application, temporary blurred vision, or eye irritation. If severe reactions occur, consult a doctor immediately.
• Long-term use caution: Prolonged use of NSAID eye drops can lead to corneal complications; use only as prescribed.

When to See a Doctor

While mild allergic conjunctivitis can be managed at home, certain situations require medical attention:

• Symptoms persist despite home treatment and avoidance of allergens.
• Vision changes, severe eye pain, or excessive swelling occur.
• The eyes develop a yellow or green discharge, which may indicate an infection.
• Over-the-counter or prescription treatments do not provide relief.

Final Thoughts

Allergic conjunctivitis, though uncomfortable, is a manageable condition. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and available treatments can help individuals take proactive steps to alleviate discomfort. Avoiding allergens, practicing good eye hygiene, and using treatments like Acular LS when necessary can significantly improve quality of life. If symptoms persist, seeking medical advice ensures proper management and prevents complications.

Medically Reviewed by Dr. Faride Ramos, MD